A P Giannini The People's Banker Read online

  A.P. Giannini, The People’s Banker

  Francesca Valente

  Contents

  Foreword

  1. A Challenging Childhood

  2. Lorenzo Scatena: A New Role Model at the Waterfront

  3. The Founding of the Bank of Italy

  4. The Earthquake: Disaster and Opportunity

  5. The Dawn of Branch Banking

  6. Los Angeles: An Opportunity not to be Missed

  7. The Largest Bank West of Chicago

  8. Celebrating Twenty Years of Tenacious Expansion

  9. Fulfilling Dreams

  10. Nationwide Banking: A Life-long Mission

  11. Betrayal from Within

  12. Return to the Battlefield

  13. Back to the Good Times

  14. Under Siege Again

  15. The New Heart of the Bank of America

  16. Giannini’s Legacy

  Epilogue

  Endnotes

  About The Mentoris Project

  About the Author

  Also from The Mentoris Project

  Foreword

  First and foremost, Mentor was a person. We tend to think of the word mentor as a noun (a mentor) or a verb (to mentor), but there is a very human dimension embedded in the term. Mentor appears in Homer’s Odyssey as the old friend entrusted to care for Odysseus’s household and his son Telemachus during the Trojan War. When years pass and Telemachus sets out to search for his missing father, the goddess Athena assumes the form of Mentor to accompany him. The human being welcomes a human form for counsel. From its very origins, becoming a mentor is a transcendent act; it carries with it something of the holy.

  The Barbera Foundation’s Mentoris Project sets out on an Athena-like mission: We hope the books that form this series will be an inspiration to all those who are seekers, to those of the twenty-first century who are on their own odysseys, trying to find enduring principles that will guide them to a spiritual home. The stories that comprise the series are all deeply human. These books dramatize the lives of great Italians and Italian-Americans whose stories bridge the ancient and the modern, taking many forms, just as Athena did, but always holding up a light for those living today.

  Whether in novel form or traditional biography, these books plumb the individual characters of our heroes’ journeys. The power of storytelling has always been to envelop the reader in a vivid and continuous dream, and to forge a link with the subject. Our goal is for that link to guide the reader home with a new inspiration.

  What is a mentor? A guide, a moral compass, an inspiration. A friend who points you toward true north. We hope that the Mentoris Project will become that friend, and it will help us all transcend our daily lives with something that can only be called holy.

  —Robert J. Barbera, President, Barbera Foundation

  —Ken LaZebnik, Editor, The Mentoris Project

  1

  A Challenging Childhood

  The unique success story of Amadeo Pietro Giannini’s progress from enlightened self-taught man to one of the most powerful and far-sighted bankers of the twentieth century runs parallel to the transformation of his home state California from a promising but peripheral state to the leading region of the western United States, providing a fertile ground for the fulfillment of the American Dream. The seeds of his vocation and mission are traceable to his challenging childhood, which molded him into a revolutionary in the banking world.

  His father, Luigi Giannini, was an immigrant of humble origins from Liguria who was lured to California by the exciting prospects of the Gold Rush, deciding in 1864 to set out from his native village of Favale di Malvaro in the Val Fontanabuona, thirty miles northeast of Genoa.

  People coming to the United States in search of better lives often banded together with their own kind for some time before assimilating into the melting pot of American culture. Luigi was part of the first, most intense phase of migration to the West Coast, which took place during the middle of the nineteenth century and immediately after the unification of Italy in 1861. Although Giuseppe Garibaldi, the great hero of the Italian Risorgimento, had succeeded in uniting the northern and southern parts of the peninsula, life in Italy continued to be very harsh. Unification in fact began with a heavy tax burden imposed by Rome, especially on farmers. As Deanna Paoli Gumina has pointed out in her book Italians of San Francisco: 1850–1930, the migratory wave to the western United States was very different from the one in which Italians settled on the Atlantic coast.1 In New York, newly arrived Italians appeared to be destined, at least initially, to a condition of social inferiority whereas the “westbound” immigrants possessed unique professional skills and were relatively more affluent, which enabled them to bear the additional expense of crossing the continent and the physical hardships associated with resettlement; most of them became successful in a brief period of time in fishing, farming, and viniculture in the Sonoma and Napa Valleys.

  When Luigi returned to California for the second time in 1868, he knew he was through searching for gold. He still wanted to settle in California and raise a family in that fertile land. He already had a girl in mind named Virginia De Martini but he had never met her in person. Luigi got to know her through the frequent letters she sent to her two brothers while he was working with them in the gold fields. While they read her intriguing correspondence around the campfire, Luigi felt a secret attraction and somehow knew she was the right person for him. He went back to Italy just to meet her, which turned out very successfully. He managed to convince her parents he was a worthy suitor: to impress them, he wore a double money belt with a supply of $20 gold pieces. After an intense six-week courtship, he married Virginia on August 10, 1869, shortly after her fifteenth birthday, in Chiavari, on the Ligurian coast. At the wedding she wore a white hat that he had brought her as a gift from America and it became the talk of the town, as Virginia’s elder sister Teresa later recounted to A.P Giannini himself.2

  They set off in 1869 for the United States, crossing the Atlantic on a third-class ticket. After docking in New York they were able to cross the country by train since the Transcontinental Railroad had just been completed, thus avoiding the treacherous route across the Isthmus of Panama with its jungle and suffocating heat. By the fall they were settled in San Jose, a frontier town in the Santa Clara valley, about fifty miles from San Francisco, and older than any other settlement in California. Luigi invested all his savings in renting and renovating a house, which he turned into the Swiss Hotel, a two-story building with twenty rooms, which catered to Italian day-laborers belonging to the steady European migration in search of riches. Many were attracted by the warm atmosphere created by the two Italian-American immigrants in a country where, notwithstanding the genuine opportunities for hard-working people, foreigners in general—and especially those of Chinese and Italian origin—were often disliked, mistrusted, looked upon with suspicion and hostility, and frequently faced open discrimination. They had to prove themselves in order to overcome all the prejudices against them.

  It was in the Swiss Hotel that on May 6, 1870 the Gianninis’ first son was born and christened Amadeo Pietro. After two years as the owner of the hotel, Luigi successfully sold it and with the proceeds bought forty acres of land in the small town of Alviso, eight miles north of San Jose. The Giannini farm prospered between 1871 and 1876 because of its excellent location and climate, which their motivation and hard work exploited to the fullest. They were learning English while acquiring their American citizenship. Across the state their fellow Italians were settling a number of farmlands and were to play a leading role in developing today’s fruit, vegetable, and dairy industries, while also leaving their mark on the Calif
ornia food-processing industry.

  Luigi and Virginia had all the elements for establishing themselves as an ever more solid family unit and as successful farmers. Their second son, Attilio, was born in July 1874, while Amadeo, still a toddler, loved playing outdoors and was always eager to help his parents with picking strawberries and fruit from the trees in that natural hothouse. He soon enrolled in the elementary school and enjoyed studying with children of many nationalities (Portuguese, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Armenian, Japanese, and American) who were sometimes unable to pronounce his Italian name. He had a good time, learning quickly from books and making lifelong friends. This was the environment that saw Luigi become an independent, successful farmer bringing his wagons filled with produce to Alviso, which rapidly turned from a small, sleepy town into a hub for the nationwide distribution of local produce. By 1875, the Pacific Fruit Express would carry the fruit and vegetables of the Santa Clara Valley in refrigerated carriages to the rest of the nation. Luigi became a prominent figure among the thousands of transplanted farmers who swarmed into San Jose in the decades after the Gold Rush, and was able to provide a comfortable life for his wife and children. He was proud to follow in the footsteps of his father Carlo, his grandfather Stefano, and his great-grandfather Giuseppe, who for generations had farmed the land back in their native Favale.

  Luigi was a man of few words and was notably circumspect because he was aware that he was living in a racially biased environment. His life was full of promise until one afternoon in August 1876, when tragedy struck, as reported in detail by San Jose Mercury and Herald, the town’s leading daily.3 His personal American dream came abruptly to an end. He was shot over a difference of one dollar in the wages of a field worker who had been hired to assist Luigi with the fruit-picking. The dispute spiraled out of control: he was confronted and gunned down in front of his own home, as Amadeo looked on with incredulous dismay. Luigi died almost instantly, but was able to regain consciousness for a few moments and tell the police the name of the assailant, who was soon arrested and sent to jail for the rest of his life.

  What kind of impact can this sudden lethal event have had in that fateful year of 1876 on Amadeo who witnessed everything unfold in front of his eyes? No biography has yet explored this key psychological turning point in full. The instant transformation of Amadeo from a carefree and innocent child into a premature adult through the painful experience of loss made him aware of his new responsibility and role in the family. From that moment, his mother, a pregnant widow of only twenty-two, bravely took over the management of the family farm while raising her small children. Amadeo was only seven at the time, Attilio was three, and George was born shortly after. Amadeo was a very sensitive boy; of the two siblings, he was the one who suffered the most: he cried himself to sleep every night. He was very grateful to be alive having unwillingly discovered how fragile human existence was, a truth that he remembered forever. The resourceful young widow was very good-looking and ambitious for herself and her children. She had already shown how brave and adventurous she was by leaving her family and homeland with a man she had known only for six weeks. The untimely death of her husband inspired her to become an excellent and self-sufficient farmer as well as a smart businesswoman; under her exceptional care the farm continued to prosper.

  Amadeo wanted to be helpful at all costs and often accompanied her before dawn on the steamer going to San Francisco in the cold darkness of the Bay, to sell their fruit and vegetables. The emerging coastal trade in farm commodities at that time was a dangerous adventure necessitating a precarious sea journey along the rocky peninsula coast.4

  Even at a tender age, Amadeo was attracted by the hubbub of the Alviso landing and even more so by the hustle and bustle of trade on the San Francisco waterfront. During the trips to the Bay Area with his mother, he seemed instinctively to prefer the energy of human interaction and commerce to the restricted life of his one-room school in Alviso.

  2

  Lorenzo Scatena: A New Role Model at the Waterfront

  After over four years of mourning and hardship, in the summer of 1880 the family’s prospects changed for the better. Virginia agreed to marry Lorenzo Scatena, a thirty-year-old Italian immigrant, originally from Lucca, who had come to San Jose at the age of twelve and worked as a hauler for a commission firm on the San Francisco waterfront. The two met while she was selling her produce and they became good friends. He was a gentle, amiable man with a ready smile and her children seemed to love and respect him to the point of calling him “Pop” or “Boss.” In his turn, Lorenzo called Amadeo by his initials A.P., a nickname that stuck with him for the rest of his life. Lorenzo moved to the Giannini farm and took over some of the heaviest tasks while keeping his job as a hauler.

  He formally adopted Virginia’s three children and provided them with a positive father figure. He was an honest worker and made a modest living. The family soon grew from five to seven, with the birth of the first two Scatena children, Henry and Florence. After a devastating drought, the additional financial strain and the unsettled economic conditions near the end of the so-called “terrible seventies,” Lorenzo decided to leave the Alviso farm and move back for a while to San Jose and try his hand at the burgeoning commission business. Virginia’s frequent trips to San Francisco soon convinced her too that the city offered more opportunities for her growing family. At that time, San Francisco was one of the richest cities per capita in the world and its inhabitants could afford to pay very high prices for produce.

  She was particularly fascinated by the commission merchants and their wholesale firms operating as hard-bargaining middlemen in California’s fast-developing production of agricultural commodities. Their activity consisted in buying the produce at the lowest possible price from the farmers before shipping their goods to San Francisco and reselling them to grocers, street markets, and restaurants for a profit. It was a tough business but much more financially rewarding than farming.

  Lorenzo and Virginia decided to sell the farm and in 1882 moved to a rented house in San Francisco on Jackson Street close to the wharfs in an effort to expand the produce business. Virginia convinced her husband to accept a job as a commission clerk with A. Galli & Sons, one of the best-established commission firms on the waterfront. He worked sixteen hours a day, from midnight until the following afternoon. It was essential for him to show up on the docks early, no later than 12:30 a.m. to buy and sell, not leaving until there was no perishable produce left to buy or sell. Scatena brought considerable natural skills to his job as wholesale trader. In recognition of his talent his monthly salary was raised from $100 to $250 a month. Virginia thought this was not enough for his exhausting nighttime work and dedication; she urged him to ask for a further raise, which was denied. She convinced him then to quit and start his own produce company. About four blocks from the waterfront he opened a few weeks later the firm L. Scatena & Co. and by the end of the first month of independent business her husband had earned $1,500, proving the far-sighted Virginia correct.

  They soon moved to North Beach, an Italian neighborhood, where one of the largest Italian communities in the nation had settled, and specifically into 411 Green Street, a two-story shingled house with a large bay window, a symbol of prosperity at that time. The majority of the community was from Northern Italy—Tuscany, Piedmont, and Liguria—but a large section came also from the South, in particular from Sicily. In the beginning they worked as fishermen, shopkeepers, stonemasons, and produce sellers or commission dealers like Scatena, who in less than a year would become one of the most successful young men in the produce business.

  North Beach looked like a Mediterranean seaside village next to Telegraph Hill with its steep and narrow cobblestone streets. Virginia Scatena’s dream was that Lorenzo should succeed in business, which he did, and that the boys should receive the best possible education.

  Of the three boys, Attilio was the most gifted student. Very early on he decided he wanted to study medicine.
He was nicknamed “Doc” and would be known by this name for the rest of his life.

  A.P. was also a very good student and a quick learner. He resumed his formal education at the Washington Street Grammar School in North Beach. He excelled right away in spelling and writing and was proud to do well. He was tenacious and independent by nature, friendly and serious, but his heart was not in the classroom. He became more and more interested in helping his stepfather in his business with a clever, original, and profitable approach.

  When A.P. met Pop’s accountant, Tim Delay, he set himself to learning about daily accounting and the importance of a correct balance sheet to verify the health of the day-to-day business. He would also spend his afternoons writing, on his own initiative, at his stepfather’s desk, dozens of letters soliciting business by mail from farmers wanting to sell their crops on consignment, advertising honest prices and quick service; many of them wrote back accepting the deal. So Pop, to his great surprise, began receiving commissions from growers and this novelty yielded positive financial results. This was A.P.’s first major business venture, and it proved unexpectedly successful in securing new customers for the newly established firm.

  Soon A.P. started sneaking out of the house and turning up late at night at the waterfront, tiptoeing back in through the rear door so as not to wake his mother.

  He would arrive at the docks during the peak hours of business. By the light of smoky oil lamps, workers unloaded crates of fruit and vegetables from the ships. Produce sellers would hawk their goods in many languages, from Italian to Greek, from Armenian to Portuguese, and Pop would inspect them all and bargain for some of the best. A.P. realized that each steamer carried a list of its cargo and passengers; he ingeniously devised an efficient strategy to make the most out of the time spent at the wharfs. He would copy the inventory in his neat, orderly handwriting so that his father could immediately find out what produce had arrived and decide at a glance how much to buy and at what price, while his competitors were busy cursing and shouting to outbid the others with only a vague idea of what was available on a given day. He also learned the names and faces of everyone on the wharf and soaked up all the information he could get during the night. At sunrise, when the wagons carried off the produce, A.P. would rush home to have breakfast and then go to school. Virginia watched this slow but persistent drift of her son from his studies to business. She was worried he was spending too much time at the Washington Wharf and that his afternoon naps were not enough for a growing boy expected to graduate from high school.